Class 10 Science

Answers:
Kingdom Monera and Protista
1. ​Definition of Prokaryotes: Prokaryotes are unicellular organisms that lack a well-defined nucleus and membrane-bound organelles. Their primary characteristic is that their genetic material (DNA) is not enclosed within a nuclear membrane.

2. ​Examples of aquatic Monerans: Bacteria and Cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are common examples found in water.

3. ​Role of Cyanobacteria: They take atmospheric nitrogen and convert it into usable compounds for plants through a process called nitrogen fixation, often using specialized cells called heterocysts.

4. ​Difference in cell structure: Members of Kingdom Monera are prokaryotic (no nucleus), while members of Kingdom Protista are eukaryotic (possess a true nucleus and membrane-bound organelles).

5. ​Types of movement in Protists:
Cilia: Hair-like projections (e.g., Paramecium).
Flagella: Whip-like structures (e.g., Euglena).
Pseudopodia: "False feet" or cytoplasmic extensions (e.g., Amoeba).

​Kingdom Fungi
1. ​Cell wall composition: The cell wall of fungi is made primarily of chitin, whereas the cell wall of plants is made of cellulose.

2. ​Mode of nutrition: Fungi are saprophytes (a type of heterotroph) because they obtain nutrients by absorbing organic matter from dead and decaying organisms.

3. ​Unicellular vs. Multicellular Fungi: Yeast is a common unicellular fungus, while Mushrooms or Bread Mold (Rhizopus) are multicellular examples.

​Kingdom Plantae and Animalia
1. ​Whittaker's criteria: The Five Kingdom Classification was based on cell structure (prokaryotic vs. eukaryotic), thallus organization, mode of nutrition, reproduction, and phylogenetic relationships.

2. ​Holozoic nutrition: This is a mode of nutrition where solid or liquid organic food is ingested and then digested inside the body. This is a characteristic of Kingdom Animalia.

3. ​Motility vs. Non-motility: Plants are generally non-motile because they are rooted in the ground to absorb nutrients, whereas animals are motile (adept for locomotion) to search for food and mates.

4. ​Main photosynthetic pigment: Chlorophyll is the primary pigment used by plants to trap solar energy for photosynthesis.

​Detailed Plant Classification (Angiosperms)
1. ​Root systems: Monocots typically have a fibrous root system, while Dicots have a taproot system consisting of a main primary root with smaller branches.

2. ​Leaf venation: Monocot leaves have parallel venation (veins run parallel to each other), whereas Dicot leaves have reticulate (net-like) venation.

3. ​Floral parts: Monocot flowers usually have parts in multiples of three, while Dicot flowers have parts in multiples of four or five.

4. ​Cambium: The cambium is a layer of actively dividing cells responsible for secondary growth (increase in diameter). It is present in Dicots (allowing thick woody stems) but absent in Monocots.

5. ​Vascular bundles: In Monocot stems, vascular bundles are scattered throughout the ground tissue. In Dicot stems, they are arranged in a ring.

​Evolution and General Concepts
1. ​Organic evolution and classification: Classification reflects the evolutionary history of organisms; more closely related species share more similar characteristics and are placed in closer taxonomic groups.

2. ​Binomial Nomenclature: It is a two-part naming system (Genus and Species) developed by Carolus Linnaeus to provide a standardized, unique scientific name for every organism to avoid confusion caused by local names.

3. ​Hierarchy of Classification: The order from broadest to most specific is: Kingdom → Phylum (or Division) → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species.

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SEE-2082 Routine

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Multiple Choice Questions (10 × 1 = 10 Marks)

1. What is the SI unit of gravitational constant (G)?
a) N m²/kg²
b) N/kg
c) m/s²
d) kg/m²

2. The value of acceleration due to gravity (g) on the surface of the Earth is approximately:
a) 9.8 m/s²
b) 6.67 × 10⁻¹¹ m³/kg.s²
c) 1.6 m/s²
d) 3 × 10⁸ m/s

3. Which of the following statements is correct?
a) Gravitational force acts only on large bodies
b) Gravitational force acts between all objects with mass
c) Gravitational force does not depend on mass
d) Gravitational force does not exist in space

4. The acceleration due to gravity on the Moon is:
a) Equal to that on Earth
b) More than that on Earth
c) About 1/6th of Earth’s gravity
d) About twice that of Earth

5. A body in free fall experiences:
a) Increasing mass
b) Zero acceleration
c) Zero weight
d) Decreasing velocity

6. What happens to the weight of an object when taken to the Moon?
a) Increases
b) Decreases
c) Remains the same
d) Becomes zero

7. The value of G was determined by:
a) Newton
b) Galileo
c) Cavendish
d) Kepler

8. The weight of an object is given by:
a) W = mg
b) W = m/g
c) W = g/m
d) W = Gm²

9. When an object is in free fall, which force is acting on it?
a) Frictional force
b) Magnetic force
c) Gravitational force
d) Electromagnetic force

10. The acceleration due to gravity is:
a) The same everywhere on Earth
b) Zero at the equator
c) Different at poles and equator
d) Maximum at the equator

9 ways to get good results in the exam:
1. make a schedule
2. meditate and write what you read
3. take your own test
4. make a note of awkward things and throw them on the wall
5. take a rest
6. take deep breaths and drink water
7. give time for entertainment and games
8. get enough sleep
9. discuss what you read

Que: How is angiogram prepared?
👉An angiogram is prepared by reviewing medical history, fasting, adjusting medications, cleaning and numbing the insertion site, administering a contrast dye, and monitoring vital signs in a sterile environment.

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