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🧪 Acid-Base Imbalances & ABG Interpretation for NCLEX
Trying to keep respiratory vs. metabolic acidosis and alkalosis straight for the NCLEX? Start with what carbon dioxide and bicarbonate do to pH.

🫁 Respiratory acidosis: ↑ CO₂ → ↓ pH
🫁 Respiratory alkalosis: ↓ CO₂ → ↑ pH
🧪 Metabolic acidosis: ↓ HCO₃⁻ → ↓ pH
🧪 Metabolic alkalosis: ↑ HCO₃⁻ → ↑ p

Remember, CO₂ acts as an acid, so PaCO₂ and pH move in opposite directions. Bicarbonate (HCO₃⁻) acts as a base, so HCO₃⁻ and pH move in the same direction.

💡 NCLEX Tip: Use ROME when interpreting arterial blood gases: Respiratory Opposite, Metabolic Equal. If pH and PaCO₂ move in opposite directions, think respiratory. If pH and HCO₃⁻ move in the same direction, think metabolic.

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👶 Omphalocele vs. Gastroschisis for NCLEX
Omphalocele and gastroschisis are congenital abdominal wall defects that cause abdominal organs to protrude outside the newborn’s body. Knowing the key difference is important for NCLEX maternal-newborn nursing questions.

🟢 Omphalocele: The organs protrude through the umbilical area and are covered by a translucent protective sac.
🔴 Gastroschisis: The organs protrude near the umbilicus with no protective sac, leaving them directly exposed to the environment.

Because exposed organs can lose heat and fluid quickly, these newborns are at risk for hypothermia, dehydration, and infection.

💡 NCLEX Tip: For an infant with exposed abdominal organs, cover them with sterile, moist dressings and plastic wrap or a bowel bag to prevent heat loss and drying.

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